Sifilis disebarkan melalui hubungan langsung dengan pesakit sifilis. Ulser/kudis sifilis berlaku terutamanya pada kawasan alat kelamin, faraj, dubur, atau di dalam rektum. Ulser juga boleh berlaku pada bibir dan di dalam mulut dan penyebaran berlaku semasa melakukan hubungan seks vagina, dubur atau oral.Wanita hamil yang dijangkiti penyakit ini boleh menyebarkan kuman sifilis kepada bayi yang dikandungnya. Sifilis tidak boleh merebak melalui tempat duduk tandas, tombol pintu, kolam renang, tab mandi, pakaian dikongsi, atau perkakas makan.

Sumber Rujukan : http://medherb.com/Therapeutics/Immune_-_Garlic_and_AIDS_.htm
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Immune – Garlic and AIDS
by Paul Bergner
Medical Herbalism 07-31-95 9(2/3): 17-18
Garlic appears to have a place in both in treating opportunistic infections and in improving the overall health of AIDS patients. Normally when a new AIDS therapy shows promise in a clinical trial, news spreads quickly in the media. This was unfortunately not the case after a dramatic, although small, trial of garlic for AIDS was reported at the International AIDS Conference in 1989. The researchers, who later published the information in Deutsche Zeitschrift Onkologie (German Journal of Oncology) gave an aged garlic preparation (Kyolic garlic) to ten patients with AIDS. All patients had severely low natural killer cell activity and abnormal helper-to-suppressor T-cell ratios — both of these are blood measurements of progressed AIDS, often indicating short life-expectancy. All patients also had opportunistic infections such as cryptosporidial diarrhea or herpes infections.The patients received the equivalent of two cloves a day (5 grams) for the first six weeks, and then the equivalent of four cloves (10 grams) for another six weeks. Three of the patients were too severely ill to complete the trial. They could not complete the garlic regimen, and died before the trial ended.

The results were dramatic, and had it been a pharmaceutical drug involved instead of garlic, no doubt the news would have spread rapidly in the media. Six of the seven who completed the trial had normal natural-killer cell activity within six weeks, and all seven had normal activity by the end of the twelve weeks. Natural killer cell activity is considered one of the most important indicators of the progression of AIDS. The helper-to-suppressor T-cell ratios returned to normal in three of the patients, improved in two, remained the same in one, and lowered in one.Just as important, the patients’ opportunistic infections also improved. Chronic diarrhea, candida infection, genital herpes, and a chronic sInus infection all improved. The patient with the chronic sinus infection had gained no relief from antibiotics during more than a year of treatment before the garlic trial.
Exactly why the garlic helped the patients so dramatically is not clearly understood. Garlic can affect the immune system in many ways. Garlic may have also strengthened immunity in these patients by helping to fight the opportunistic infections, and thus reducing the load on the immune system. Various trials have shown garlic to be effective against cryptococcus, cryptosporidia, herpes, mycobacteria, and pneumocystis — all common infectious agents in AIDS. Researchers have also recently found evidence that the garlic constituent ajoene may directly interfere with the spread of the HIV virus in AIDS patients.
This trial was small, with only seven patients completing it, and follow up studies are necessary to prove that garlic will really help AIDS patients. News of the trial spread like wildfire in the community of people with AIDS, however, and many patients now take garlic regularly. One study in 1993 found that nearly 10% of AIDS patients surveyed took garlic supplements in addition to the other medications they were taking.
Copyright 2001 Paul Bergner203

Medical Herbalism: Clinical Articles and Case Studies
Garlic is used routinely in the Healing Aids Research Project at Bastyr University in Seattle. This is one of the few medical centers doing formal research into natural treatments of AIDS. Dr. Jane Guiltinan, medical director of the clinic where the research is done, suggests that all AIDS patient who can tolerate garlic should take it. “I most often prescribe garlic in food form rather than capsules or extracts,” says Guiltinan. “I have them eat as much as possible, either raw or cooked.”Garlic is also an important part of the AIDS protocol at the Immune Enhancement Project (IEP)in Portland, Oregon, a clinic that treats about 140 AIDS patients each month. Doctors at the clinic treat the patients with acupuncture, Chinese massage, diet, and modified Chinese herbal formulas in a protocol followed in AIDS clinics in three other cities in the U.S. The main herbal therapy at the clinics for opportunistic infections is garlic. Dr. Subhuti Dharmananda, director of the project, recently published a scientific review of garlic entitled “Garlic As The Central Herb Therapy for AIDS.” AIDS patients at the IEP are encouraged to take 3-5 cloves of garlic a day to prevent the secondary infections in AIDS. If they already have the infections, they take that dose three times a day. Garlic is also given in other forms, such as retention enemas and skin washes, for certain conditions. They take the cloves cut up with lemon juice and honey, or in any other carrier than makes it more palatable. Dharmananda says that garlic probably does not effect the HIV infection itself, but treats the secondary infections that cause the most serious symptoms of AIDS.AIDS patients might take garlic in any of its oral forms, use garlic poultices, compresses, or oil for skin afflictions, enemas for anal infections, or steams or chest applications for sinus or bronchial problems.

References
Abdullah T, Kirkpatrick DV, Williams L, Carter J. “Garlic as an antimicrobial and Immune modulator in AIDS.” Int Conf AIDS. 1989 Jun 4-9;5:466 (abstract no. Th.B.P.304).
Abdullah TH, Kirkpatrick DV, Carter J “Enhancement of natural killer cell activity in AIDS with garlic. Dtsch Zsohr Onkol 1989;21:52-53
Delaha EC, Garagusi VL Inhibition of mycobacteria by garlic extract (Allium sativum). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1985;27(4):485-486
Deshpande RG, Khan MB, Bhat DA, Navalkar RG. “inhibition of Mycobacterium avium complex isolates from AIDS patients by garlic (Allium sativum).” J Antimicrob Chemother 1993 Oct;32(4):623-6
Fronting RA, Bulmer GS. “In vitro effect of aqueous extract of garlic on the growth and viability of Cryptococcus neoformans. Mycopathologia 1978;70:387-405
Gowen SL, Erskine D, McAskill R, Hawkins D. “An assessment of the usage of non-prescribed medication by HIV positive patients.”
Int Conf AIDS. 1993 Jun 6-11;9(1):497 (abstract no. PO-B29-2174).
Copyright 2001 Paul Bergner 204

Medical Herbalism: Clinical Articles and Case Studies
Hunan Medical College of China. “Garlic in cryptococcal meningitis: A preliminary report of 21 cases. Chin Med J 93:123, 1980
Rao RR et al. “Inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by garlic extract.’ Nature 157, 1946
Standish L, Guiltinan J, McMahon E, Lindstrom C. “One-year open trial of naturopathic treatment of HIV infection class IV-A in men.” J Naturopath Med 1992; 3(1):42-64
Tatarintsev AV, Vrzhets PV, Ershov DE. “The ajoene blockade of integrin-dependent processes in an HIV-infected cell system. Vestn Ross Akad Med Nauk 1992;(11-12):8-10
Tatarintsev A, Makarova T, Karamov E, et al. “Ajoene blocks HIV-mediated syncytia formation: possible approach to `anti-adhesion’ therapy of AIDS.” Int Conf AIDS. 1992 Jul 19-24;8(3):39 (abstract no. PuA 8173).
Tsai Y et.al “Antiviral properties of garlic: in vitro effects on influenza B, herpes simplex I, and coxsackie viruses.’ Plants Medics 1985:5:460-461

Rujukan 2 :- http://www.advance-health.com/garlic.html
Plants do not have immune systems to defend themselves against the bacteria, fungi, viruses and yeasts that attack them. Their defense is direct chemical warfare. Their weapons are antibiotics, antivirals and fungicides that they manufacture internally. Their success is demonstrated by the fact that you see healthy growing plants everywhere.
In the case of garlic, one of the main active ingredients is a thiosulfinate compound called allicin. The manufacture of allicin is triggered by the release of enzymes by breaking the cell walls of the garlic plant. Allicin is the pungent, hot, stinky stuff that makes garlic special. In addition to allicin, garlic contains over 100 other beneficial nutrients. These include beta-carotene, folate, beta-sitosterol, ferulic acid, geraniol, oleanolic acid, P-coumaric acid, rutin, quercetin, thiamine, niacin, vitamin c, cysteine, zinc, calcium, magnesium, manganese, selenium, and others.

Garlic is an Anti-biotic and Anti-viral
In vitro (in laboratory cultures) studies demonstrate that garlic has antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal activity. In one Clinical study, one capsule daily of an allicin-containing garlic supplement was tested on a group of 146 volunteers (Josling P 2001). Over several months half the group received the garlic while the other half got a placebo. The placebo group had 63 percent more common cold infections than the garlic group. In addition, those in the garlic group who did catch a cold had symptoms for an average of only 1.52 days, compared with 5.01 days for the placebo group. The doctors who conducted this garlic study concluded, “An allicin-containing supplement can prevent attack by the common cold virus.”

Garlic in Herpes Virus Infections
While garlic has demonstrated in vitro anti-viral activity against many viruses including HSV-1 and HSV-2, clinical trials on humans have not been performed. Garlic’s in vitro success against these viruses and its demonstrated in vivo effectiveness against the common cold virus suggests that it may be effective against the herpes viruses in humans as well. However, this hypothesis has not been clinically tested and, until it is, such claims cannot be made.

Garlic Lowers Blood Pressure
There is some evidence that garlic is mildly hypotensive in humans. Researchers at the University of Mississippi and in Turkey performed clinical tests on the effectiveness of garlic in reducing blood pressure. They found that garlic reduced systolic blood pressure by at least 9 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure by at least 5 mmHg. The effect was most noted in subjects with high blood pressure and high cholesterol. No hypotensive effect was observed in patients with normal blood pressure.

Garlic for Lowering Cholesterol
There is contradictory evidence as to whether garlic actually lowers cholesterol and triglyceride levels or not. The contradictions appear to arise from the use of different dosages, forms of garlic and other procedural differences. However, most findings showed that garlic slightly lowered blood cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides with a consistent lowering of blood lipids seen in studies that used aged garlic extract (kyolic) as the supplement.Research has demonstrated that garlic inhibits the peroxidation of lipids. This, in turn, prevents LDL cholesterol from being oxidized into harmful compounds. Garlic also lowers homocysteine levels. Recent research has identified homocysteine as a major culprit in heart disease, osteoporosis, alzheimers and several other degenerative diseases.

Garlic in Atherosclerosis
Garlic reduces platelet aggregation, thrombin formation, platelet adhesion to fibrinogen and the risk of thrombosis. Garlic’s effects are attributed to allicin, ajoene, and other organosulfur constituents in the herb. A recent study on garlic confirms that it exhibits powerful fibrinolytic activity both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, it acted as an anticoagulant by downregulating thrombin formation. These effects reduce the formation of atherosclerotic plaque.In one study, patients with atherosclerosis had higher plasma levels of the oxidant MDA ( malondialdehyde ) and lower plasma levels of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase compared to the control group. However, those patients who consumed 1 ml/kg of garlic extract had significantly lowered MDA levels even in the absence of changes in antioxidant enzyme activities. In addition, the researchers found the presence of oxidant stress in blood samples from atherosclerosis patients, but ingesting garlic extract prevented oxidation reactions by eliminating this oxidant stress.

Garlic and Men’s Health
Garlic may reduce the risk of prostate cancer, according to a recent study. Researchers surveyed 238 men with prostate cancer and 471 healthy controls in Shanghai, China to determine their eating habits. The risk of prostate cancer declined by more than 33 percent in men who consumed small amounts of onions, garlic, scallions, shallots and leeks each day. Men who consumed 2 grams of garlic daily experienced a 50 percent decease in prostate cancer risk.Another study done with rats demonstrated that garlic supplementation in combination with a high protein diet increased testosterone levels.

Anti-Cancer Properties of Garlic
Modern epidemiological studies, well correlated with laboratory investigations, corroborate the evidence that higher intake of garlic and its relatives is correlated with reduced risk of several cancers. The mechanisms proposed to explain the cancer-preventive effects of garlic include inhibition of tumor mutagenesis, modulation of enzyme activities, and effects on cell proliferation and tumor growth. Several garlic compounds, including allicin, induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) in various malignant human cells. These include breast, colorectal, hepatic, prostate, and lymphoma cells. A growing number of clinical studies are examining the properties of ajoene, one of the major components of purified garlic. Researchers are investigating ajoene in part because it is more chemically stable than allicin. The list of cancers responding to garlic treatment or supplementation continues to grow.

Garlic Dosage
People who wish to consume garlic and have no aversion to its odor can chew from one to two whole cloves of raw garlic daily. In certain regions of China up to eight cloves of raw garlic are consumed per day. For those who prefer it with less odor, enteric-coated tablets or capsules with approximately 1.3% allacin are available. Clinical trials have used 600-900 mg (delivering approximately 5-6 mg of allicin ) per day in two or three divided amounts. Aged-garlic extracts have been studied in amounts ranging from 2.4-7.2 grams per day.

Garlic Side Effects and Drug Interactions
Garlic has anti-coagulant properties. Anyone with a bleeding disorder or taking anti-coagulant or anti-platlett medications should consult their doctor before consuming garlic. Examples of such medications include indomethacin, dipyridamole, and aspirin. Anyone anticipating surgery, child birth, etc. should avoid garlic.Garlic may lower blood sugar considerably and may potentize the effect of certain anti-diabetic medications. Medications from this class include chlorpropamide, glimepiride, and glyburide. When using garlic with these medications, blood sugars must be followed closely and garlic use should be used under your doctor’s advise.
Garlic may reduce blood levels of protease inhibitors. Protease Inhibitors are a class of drugs used to treat people with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). They include indinavir, ritinavir, and saquinavir.
It is hhypothesized by some that garlic may behave similarly to a class of cholesterol lowering medications called statins and to a class of blood pressure lowering medications called ACE inhibitors. Examples of these medications include atorvastatin, pravastatin, lovastatin, enalapril, captopril, and lisinopril. Possible interactions with these medications has not been tested.Other side effects from garlic may include upset stomach, bloating, bad breath, and body odor. Garlic is considered to have very low toxicity and is listed as Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the United States.
More research with better-designed studies is needed in order to fully assess the safety and effectiveness of garlic and to determine the most appropriate dose and form.